Laurentian Republic

-independence from British Isles in 1937

-sent by British Isles under Popular Revolution (Heads of British Isles > 1822-1827 Robert Stewart, Marquess of Londonderry (Tory)) system to rationalize Canadian administration

-subsequent Lower Canada charter assures it responsible government, but falls short of giving it the same elected governorate as Upper Canada, and enacts democratic Legislative Council with ministerial responsibility

1832 def.

1835 def.

1838 def.

1841 def.

-widespread reforms, virtually no opposition

-firmly issues free-trade reforms

-massive amounts of canal-building, St. Lawrence Seaway improved dramatically with Montreal benefiting massively, and builds many roads

-establishes equality before the law

-with William Lyon Mackenzie's anti-bank attitudes, Papineau is able to ensure Montreal commercial interests penetrates Upper Canada

-consistently refuses to reform seigneurial system, when in 1842 a seigneurial reform bill narrowly passes over Papineau's opposition, Patriotes are effectively destroyed

1844 def.

1847 def.

1850 def.

1853 def.

-former ally of Papineau, stitches together governing coalition which is nucleus of Parti Modéré

-with Heads of Canada > 1840-1844 William Lyon Mackenzie (Radical) being hardcore antibank, anti-spending, Taché uses opportunity to grab massive banking, spending opportunities with Montreal booming massively

-successfully able to dominate Radical splinters through powers of the state and triangulates to keep broad support

-and with papal issue brought to surface thanks to French Wars > Third French War (1847-1854) seeing Pope chased out of Rome, Radicals increasingly divided

1856 def. Étienne-Paschal Taché (Modéré)

1859 def. Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau (Modéré), (Confessionel Catholique)

1862 def.

-able to reunify Radicals through O'Connellite-tinted nationalism

-as an Anglophone Catholic, is able to unify both wings of Radical movement and get support from both Montreal and from Francophone radicals elsewhere

-pushes forward period of economic growth, immigration from Europe

-along with investment in local industry, largely in Montreal

-seeking to shore up commercial domination of Montreal over St. Lawrence, also commits himself to massive railroad investment

-however, in 1863, faced with railroad strikes, party becomes massively, deeply divided over whether to sympathize with or against it

-many of the strikers being Catholic also strengthens political Catholicism

-causes defeat in 1865

1865 def. Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan (Radical)

1868 def.

-with US's Wars > American Civil War (1869-76), sudden war economy in the United States of America has massive effects in BNA, results in Modéré leader being kicked off right before election

1871 def.

1874 def.

1877 def.

-in 1877, in the wake of the US's Wars > American Civil War (1869-76) and the US's unity confirmed, Upper Canada successfully gains Rupertsland south of the 45th parallel

-Saskatchewan Valley Metis rebel, they form provisional government in opposition to this

-Upper Canada finds it hard to send regiments but by 1879 gets defeated

-when Saskatchewan Valley Metis rebels get executed Lower Canada viscerally rallies in support of them, mass rallies in opposition to Upper Canada's govt and inspires Parti Radical-Démocratique to spike up in support

-and fears they will be next

-Modérés lose support in their leader who gets kicked out

1880 def. François Mercier (Société des Laurentiens Unis)

1883 def. François Mercier (Société)

-successfully secures election because Mercier seems unhinged to voters, and also walsh secures expansion of Lower Canada into the Laurentian Plateau northward

-however, seeming servility to British interests has an impact, and in 1883 elections he does worse

-Mercier extends unhinged appeals further, expands his Democrats further with them

-Walsh tries to prevent this with appeals to moderation and compromise

-but Mercier gives grand, massive speeches in which he calls for Lower Canada to become an independent country

-discarding the name because it means abroad Upper Canada more, and as a symbol of servility

-in 1884 discovery of gold in Fraser River watershed in Columbia leads to gold rush

-because region has a massive number of Metis people, requires forcing them out, they declare own government preempt them

-Columbian government sends paramilitaries to suppress them, they do so

-causes massive outrage in Lower Canada, results in the Modérés getting overthrown

1886 def. Michel Walsh (Modéré)

1887: Constituent Assembly declared

-nicknamed the "Samuel Adams of Canada", a name given derisively but he happily accepts it

-likewise when he's nicknamed a Jacobin, he declares his fidelity to the values of '89 happily

-attempts first efforts to reach some compromise behind the scenes

-faced with a British Isles firmly in favor of Upper Canadian govt, and having stoked independentist sentiments, he convenes a constituent assembly to ratify new bill of rights outlining constitution

-with Upper Canada threatening to invade, and Governor-General declaring martial law, Mercier declares his intentions to resist

-in form of famed Declaration of the Citadel

-sends minister plenipotentiary to French Republic, and accepts an envoy personally

-in the end, runs through a back channel with the British Isles at Portsmouth, and there alluding to St. Lawrence potentially being blocked, gets concessions of near-total autonomy in return for general free trade and open commerce in St. Lawrence

-in many ways, this viewed as beginning of the end of British white colonies

1888 def.

1891 def.

1894 def.

-forms Council of State to be in charge of all national administration elected by the National Assembly

-establishes int'l french language organization in Paris

-fights to maintain Montreal's

1897 def.

1900 def.

1903 def. Jean-Jacques Fitzgerald (Société)

1906 def.

1909 def.

1912 def.

1915 def.

1918 def

1921 def.

1924 def.

1927 def.

1930 def.

1933 def.

1936 (coal. with Parti Traivailliste)

-President elected by National Assembly